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John of Tynemouth (died 1221) was a medieval English clergyman and canon lawyer. He was among the first teachers of canon law at what later became Oxford University, where he was by 1188. By the late 1190s John had joined the household of the Archbishop of Canterbury, Hubert Walter. Besides his position in the household, he also held a number of ecclesiastical positions, which earned him a substantial income. After Walter's death, John continued to serve as a lawyer as well as hold clerical offices. He died in 1221 and a number of his writings survive. ==Legal career== The first mention of John occurs in 1188 when he was teaching at Oxford.〔 This record notes that he witnessed a legal case decided by delegated judges for the Bishop of Lincoln. Along with a few other instructors, including Simon of Southwell, Honorius of Kent, and possibly Nicholas de Aquila, John was among the first securely attested legal teachers at Oxford. While at Oxford he lectured on the ''Decretum Gratiani'' and was one of the teachers of Thomas of Marlborough, later writer of the ''Chronicon Abbatiae de Evesham'', or ''Chronicle of the Abbey of Evesham''. It is not quite clear when John taught Thomas, but Thomas attests in his ''Chronicon'' that John was one of Thomas' teachers.〔Boyle "Beginnings of Legal Studies" ''Viator'' pp. 110–112〕 Nothing else is known of John's early life or where he studied law,〔Brundage ''Medieval Canon Law'' pp. 220–221〕 but presumably like other early English canon lawyers, he studied somewhere on the Continent before returning to England to teach or practice.〔 It is possible that he served as a canon of Lincoln Cathedral during the 1190s, but this is not securely attested.〔Lewis "Canonists and Law Clerks" ''Seven Studies'' p. 60〕 By the late 1190s, John was a member of the household of Hubert Walter, the Archbishop of Canterbury.〔Knorr "Tynemouth, John of" ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''〕 Besides Walter, another of his patrons was Walter de Coutances, the Archbishop of Rouen.〔Scammell ''Hugh du Puiset'' p. 70〕 In 1203 John was employed in pleading at Rome on the Hubert Walter's behalf in a case against Gerald of Wales. While returning from Rome, John was captured and held for ransom. He informed his captors that Gerald would also be passing by, thus ensuring Gerald's capture. Gerald's revenge was to inform the kidnappers that John's income was over 100 marks a year, which meant that the kidnappers required a large ransom before releasing John.〔 John was eventually rescued by John Bellesmains, a fellow Englishman and former Archbishop of Lyon.〔Cheney ''Hubert Walter'' p. 165〕 John held the rectorship of Upminster, Essex, by 1204.〔 By 25 June 1206, John was holding the prebend of Langford Ecclesia in the Diocese of Lincoln and it is unclear when he relinquished this position.〔Greenway ''(Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: volume 3: Lincoln: Prebendaries: Langford Ecclesia )''〕 Sometime between 1210 and 1212 he became Archdeacon of Oxford in the Diocese of Lincoln, perhaps during 1211. His predecessor in office was the chronicler Walter Map.〔Greenway ''(Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: volume 3: Lincoln: Archdeacons: Oxford )''〕 In 1203 the medieval chronicler Thomas of Marlborough, who was a monk of Evesham Abbey, pled a case for Evesham before Hubert Walter and later, in his chronicle, he noted that John, Simon of Southwell, and Honorius of Kent, by now all canon lawyers in the archbishop's household, sided with the abbey. He also described the three men as ''magistri mei in scholis'' (roughly, "my school teachers"). Surviving evidence shows that Simon and John frequently found themselves on opposing sides of cases, which suggests a rivalry between the two over their expositions of canon law.〔Young ''Hubert Walter'' pp. 56–57〕 During the papal interdict on England during King John's reign, John of Tynemouth remained in England. He also served as a papal judge-delegate on several occasions.〔 He died in 1221, between 25 March and August.〔 This date of death is only recorded in a medieval work, the ''Annals of Dunstable'', often felt to be the work of another canonist, Richard de Mores.〔Sharpe ''Handlist of Latin Writers'' p. 332〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「John of Tynemouth (canon lawyer)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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